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2.1. Drilling System

• Mechanical: percussive, rotary, rotary-percussive
• Thermal: combustion, plasma, hot liquids, freezing
• Hydraulics: jet, erosion, cavitation
• Sonic: High frequency vibration
• Chemistry: microblasts, dissolution
• Electric: electric arc, magnetic induction
• Seismic: laser beam
• Nuclear: fusion, fission

2.2.Mechanical Drilling System
The main components: a source of mechanical energy, a drill rod for that energy, a drill bit as an energy applicator to rock and air blowing (flushing) as a cleaner from drilling powder (cutting) and moving the drill hole out.

Percussive
The energy from the drilling machine is transmitted by drill rods and drill bits to crush the rock.
Main Components: Pistons that push and pull the drill rod shaft.
The kinetic energy of the piston is transmitted to the drill rod in the form of a shock wave that travels along the shaft at a speed of 5000 m / s (equivalent to the speed of sound in steel). The normal impact frequency for rockdrill is 50 collisions / s which means the distance between shock waves is 100m. Percussive occurs is the crushing process on the rock surface by the drill bit.

Turn around
There is a process of grinding on the rock surface by the drill bit. For the rotary drill bit method:
Tricone bits? if the penetration results in the form of scour and drag bits? piece.

Rotary-Percussive
The combination of the two methods of collision and rotation so that the crushing and grinding process occurs on the rock surface

• Upper Hammer:
  Consists of 2 basic activities, namely rotation and collision, these 2 activities are obtained from the movement of the teeth and pistons which are then transmitted through the adapter rod and drill rod to the drill bit. (Hydraulic hammer and pneumatic top hammer)
• Lower the Hammer Hole
  a rotary-percussive drilling method that uses energy that uses compressed air. The DTH hammer is installed behind the drill bit in the hole so that less impact energy is lost by passing through the drill rod and joints.

2.3 Equipment for Rotary-Percussive Drilling Methods

• Integral Drill Steel: shank adapter, btg drill, pre-installed drill bit 1. Used at relatively low ladder 1-2m with d 22-41m
• Extension Drill Rod:
  shank adapter: the part of the shaft that is used to transmit the impact energy from the piston to the drill rod then the expression to the drill bit.
• Drill rod:
  Light hexagonal extension rod, standard hexagonal er, standard round er, round M-F e, round double threaded extension rod.
• Coupling:
  To connect drill rod 1 to another to the desired borehole depth
• Matabor:
  Is the last energy user from drilling machines that directly hit rock.
  #button bit: drill bit which is attached to the surface as a button that varies according to type msg2, d 51-251 mm
  #insert bit: cross bit 57 mm and x bit 64mm

2.4.Factors that affect drilling

1. 1. Rock properties
      A. Hardness: resistance of a surface to abrasion. Main components: min grain components, porosity, degree of saturation.
      b. Strength / strength: a property of the strength against external forces static / dynamic.
      c. Elasticity: a population to return to its original shape and the applied force to be removed is expressed in terms of the elastic modulus / youth modulus and the Poisson ratio.
      d. Plasticity: the behavior of a rock that causes deformation to remain after it is returned to its original state, where the rock has not yet been destroyed.
      e. Abrasivity: the property of rock to scratch the surface of other materials. Influencing factors: Grain error, grain shape, rock porosity.
      f. Texture: shows the relationship between the min2 building blocks of the stone so that it can be classified based on the properties of porosity, bonding between grains, weight, and grain size.
      g. Geological structure: fractures, fractures, fractures, layering areas affect the alignment of open holes, drilling activity, stability of open holes.
      h. Fraction characters: represented by the LA

coef

1. Drilling Ability
   statement whether or not the drill bit penetrates into the rock.
2. Drilling Geometry: Diameter, Depth, Slope
3. Age and Kon Msn Bor
   New drilling machines are high in product, to assess the condition of a machine is called equipment availability? with the level of readiness of a tool for work.
4. Skill Operators
   Skills / skills, disciplinary factors

2.5. Drilling Machine Selection Guidelines

1. The number of rocks to be blasted
2. Rock properties
3. Level dimensions and borehole geometry
4. Control and accessibility
5. Other Perl related

2.6. Estimated Prod Msn Bor
The product of the drill is expressed in vol / weight per unit time (tonnes / hour, m3 / hour)
Drilling Geometry and Pattern: diameter, load, spacing between lb tbk, k

Background

An exploration IUP is a permit granted for general investigation, exploration and feasibility studies in the context of mining. According to Article 29 of Government Regulation no. 23/2010 concerning the Implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining Business Activities (“PP 23/2010”), an exploration IUP is granted based on applications from business entities, cooperatives and individuals who have obtained a Mining Business Permit Area (WIUP). In the case of exploration and feasibility study activities, the holder of an exploration IUP obtaining extracted minerals or coal is obliged to report it to the IUP grantor.

Requirements for Obtaining an Exploration IUP

Article 23 PP 23/2010 stipulates that the requirements for an Exploration IUP include the following requirements:

a. Administrative;
b. Technical;
c. Environment; and
d. Financial

A. The administrative requirements referred to in letter a for business entities include:

a. For metal mineral and coal Exploration IUP:

1. application letter;

2. composition of the board of directors and a list of shareholders; and

3. domicile certificate.

b. For non-metal mineral exploration IUP from rock:

1. letter of application;

2. profile of the business entity;

3. deed of establishment of a business entity engaged in mining business which has been legalized by the competent official;

4. tax identification number;

5. composition of the board of directors and a list of shareholders; and

6. domicile certificate.

The administrative requirements as referred to in letter a for cooperatives include:

a. For metal mineral and coal Exploration IUP:

1. letter of application;

2. composition of management; and

3. domicile certificate.

b. For non-metal mineral and rock Exploration IUP:

1. letter of application;

2. cooperative profile;

3. deed of establishment of a cooperative engaged in the mining business which has been legalized by the competent official;

4. tax identification number;

5. composition of management; and

6. domicile certificate.

Administrative requirements as referred to in letter a for individuals, include:

a. For metal mineral and coal Exploration IUP:

1. letter of application; and

2. domicile certificate.

b. For non-metal mineral and rock Exploration IUP:

1. letter of application;

2. identity card;

3. tax identification number; and

4. domicile certificate.

Administrative requirements as referred to in letter a for firm companies and limited partnership companies include:

a. For metal mineral and coal Exploration IUP:

1. letter of application;

2. composition of management and list of shareholders; and

3. certificate

b. For non-metal mineral exploration IUP from rock:

1. letter of application;

2. company profile;

3. deed of establishment of a company engaged in mining business;

4. tax identification number;

5. composition of management and list of shareholders; and

6. domicile certificate.

B. Technical requirements as referred to in letter b for Exploration IUP, include:

1. Curriculum vitae and statement letter from mining and / or geological personnel with at least 3 (three) years experience;

2. a map of WIUP equipped with geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude in accordance with the national geographic information system provisions,

C. The environmental requirements as referred to in letter c for an Exploration IUP include a statement to comply with the provisions of laws and regulations in the field of environmental protection and management.

D. The financial requirements as referred to in letter d for an Exploration IUP, include:

1. proof of placement of guarantee on the seriousness of the exploration activities; and

2. proof of payment of price compensation value for data and information on the auction results of metal mineral or coal WIUP in accordance with the bid value or proof of payment of area reserve fees and payment for printing of maps of non-metal mineral or rock WIUP at the request of the area.